مطالعه آزمایشگاهی بررسی اثر کاهش شوری آب تزریقی در فرآیند تزریق آب بر تولید نفت در مخازن کربناته دارای انیدریت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه پژوهشی طرح‌های آزمایشگاهی ازدیاد برداشت، پژوهشکده مهندسی نفت، پژوهشگاه صنعت نفت، تهران

چکیده

با افت فشار مخزن و کاهش نرخ تولید نفت، حجم زیادی از نفت اولیه از مخزن تولید نخواهد شد که در چنین شرایطی از روش های مختلف ازدیاد برداشت استفاده می‌شود. تزریق آب با شوری کم یکی از روش‌های افزایش تولید نفت است که می‌تواند از لحاظ اقتصادی به‌صرفه و سازگار با محیط زیست باشد. اثر آب کم شور در سنگ‌های مخزن از جمله کربناته ها به‌دلیل واکنش و برهم‌کنش پیچیده سنگ و سیال و همچنین سیال هنوز نیازمند تحقیقات گسترده ای می‌باشد. تعدادی از مطالعات و تحقیقات گذشته نشان داده است که وجود کانی انیدریت در یک سنگ کربناته باعث افزایش تولید و تراوایی سنگ گشته و نقش مثبتی در بهبود بازیافت نفت دارد. در این مطالعه برای شناخت بیشتر برهم کنش بین سنگ شامل انیدریت و دولومیت و سیال که شامل آب‌های تزریقی با شوری‌های مختلفی می‌باشد، آزمایشات مختلفی از جمله پتانسیل زتا، کشش بین‌سطحی، سیلاب‌زنی مغزه و آنالیز آب خروجی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است که براساس نتایج، کاهش شوری و رقیق شدن آب تزریقی باعث تضعیف قدرت یونی و لایه‌های دوگانه الکتریکی دور ذرات در محلول می‌گردد و میزان پتانسیل زتا را کاهش می‌دهد. واکنش بین سنگ و سیال باعث انحلال کانی‌های سنگ از جمله کانی‌های انیدریت و دولومیت مرتبط با یون‌های کلسیم و منیزیم گشته و در نتیجه کاهش بار الکتریکی سطح سنگ نسبت داده شود و از طرفی در یون‌های دیگر باعث ایجاد رسوبات شده است. تزریق آب با شوری کم که آب‌های چهار و بیست برابر رقیق شده می‌باشد، به هر دو صورت ثانویه و ثالثیه در سنگ‌های دولومیتی خالص حاوی سنگ انیدریت که توسط نفت زنده اشباع گردیده، تزریق شده است. براساس نتایج، آب تزریقی چهار بار رقیق شده بعد از تزریق آب تزریقی اصلی در دو سنگ، بازیافت نفت را افزایش داده است. بررسی عنصری و آنالیز آب خروجی از آزمایش سیلاب‌بزنی مغزه، تبادل یونی چندگانه و حلالیت کانی‌ها را به‌عنوان سازوکار‌های تغییر ترشوندگی نشان داده است.همچنین استفاده از نفت زنده نتایج را به شرایط واقعی‌تر مخزن نزدیک می‌کند که امکان شبیه‌سازی و استناد به نتایج را جهت انجام طرح‌های ازدیاد برداشت میدانی را امکان‌پذیر می‌نماید. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Laboratory Study on the Effect of Low Salinity Water Injection on Recovery Factor in Carbonate Reservoirs

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samaneh Bovard
  • Saeed Abbasi
  • Abbas Shahrabadi
  • Alireza Talebi
  • Shahab Hosseini
EOR Study Center, Petroleum Engineering Research Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

With the decline in reservoir pressure and the reduction in oil production rates, a significant Volume of primary oil will Not be produced from the reservoir. In such circumstances, various enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are employed. Low salinity water injection is one of the techniques used to increase oil production, which can be ecoNomically viable and environmentally friendly. The effect of low salinity water on reservoir rocks, including carbonates, due to the complex interaction and reaction between rock and fluid, as well as fluid-fluid interaction, still requires extensive research. Some past studies have indicated that the presence of anhydrite minerals in a carbonate rock leads to increased production and permeability enhancement, playing a positive role in improving oil recovery. In this study, various experiments have been conducted to further understand the interaction between rocks containing anhydrite and dolomite and fluids, including injection waters with different salinities. Experiments such as zeta potential, interfacial tension, core flooding, and analysis of produced water have been investigated. According to the results, reducing salinity and dilution of injection water weaken the ion binding capacity and double layer electric properties around particles in the solution, consequently decreasing the zeta potential. The reaction between rock and fluid leads to the dissolution of rock minerals, including anhydrite and dolomite minerals associated with calcium and magnesium ions, resulting in a reduction in the surface rock electric charge. Additionally, it causes the precipitation of other ions. Low salinity water injection, diluted by four and twenty times, has been injected into both secondary and tertiary modes into pure dolomitic rocks containing anhydrite, which have been saturated by live oil. Based on the results, water diluted by four times after the injection of primary injection water has increased oil recovery in both rocks. Elemental analysis and analysis of produced water from core flooding experiments have shown multiple ion exchange and mineral solubility as mechanisms for altering wettability. Moreover, the use of live oil brings the results closer to real reservoir conditions, enabling the possibility of simulating and relying on the results for implementing field-scale EOR projects. Furthermore, using live oil brings the results closer to reservoir conditions, enabling simulation and reference for field development projects. This facilitates the implementation of field development plans based on realistic data and simulations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mineral Dissolution
  • Anhydrite
  • Zeta Potential
  • Low Salinity Water Injection
  • Core Flooding

مراجع

[1]. Sun, S. Q., & Sloan, R. (2003, October). Quantification of uncertainty in recovery efficiency predictions: lessons learned from 250 mature carbonate fields. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition? (SPE-84459). SPE, doi: 10.2118/84459-ms.##
[2]. Austad, T., Strand, S., Madland, M. V., Puntervold, T., & Korsnes, R. I. (2008). Seawater in chalk: An EOR and compaction fluid. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 11(04): 648-654, doi: 10.2118/118431-pa. ##
[3]. Chilingar, G. V., & Yen, T. F. (1983). Some notes on wettability and relative permeabilities of carbonate reservoir rocks, II. Energy Sources, 7(1): 67-75, doi.org/10.1080/00908318308908076. ##
[4]. Rassenfoss, S. (2016). Scaling up smart water. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 68(09): 39-41, doi: 10.2118/0916-0039-JPT. ##
[5]. Austad, T., Strand, S., Høgnesen, E. J., & Zhang, P. (2005, February). Seawater as IOR fluid in fractured chalk. In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry? (SPE-93000). SPE, doi: 10.2118/93000-ms. ##
[6]. Strand, S., Høgnesen, E. J., & Austad, T. (2006). Wettability alteration of carbonates—Effects of potential determining ions (Ca2+ and SO42−) and temperature. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 275(1-3): 1-10, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.10.061. ##
[7]. Lager, A., Webb, K. J., Black, C. J. J., Singleton, M., & Sorbie, K. S. (2008). Low salinity oil recovery-an experimental investigation1. Petrophysics-The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description, 49(01): SPWLA-2008-v49n1a2. ##
[8]. Yousef, A. A., Al-Saleh, S., & Al-Jawfi, M. (2012). Improved/enhanced oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs by tuning injection water salinity and ionic content. In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference? (SPE-154076). SPE, doi: 10.2118/154076-ms. ##
[9]. Sohal, M. A., Kucheryavskiy, S., Thyne, G., & Søgaard, E. G. (2017). Study of ionically modified water performance in the carbonate reservoir system by multivariate data analysis. Energy & Fuels, 31(3): 2414-2429, doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02292. ##
[10]. Yousef, A. A., Al-Saleh, S., & Al-Jawfi, M. (2011, May). New recovery method for carbonate reservoirs through tuning the injection water salinity: Smart waterflooding. In SPE Europec featured at EAGE Conference and Exhibition? (SPE-143550). SPE., doi: 10.2118/143550-ms. ##
[11]. Austad, T., Shariatpanahi, S. F., Strand, S., Black, C. J. J., & Webb, K. J. (2012). Conditions for a low-salinity enhanced oil recovery (EOR) effect in carbonate oil reservoirs. Energy & fuels, 26(1): 569-575, doi: 10.1021/ef201435g. ##
[12]. Austad, T., RezaeiDoust, A., & Puntervold, T. (2010, April). Chemical mechanism of low salinity water flooding in sandstone reservoirs. In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference? (SPE-129767), doi.org/10.2118/129767-MS. ##
[13]. Mahani, H., Keya, A. L., Berg, S., Bartels, W. B., Nasralla, R., & Rossen, W. R. (2015). Insights into the mechanism of wettability alteration by low-salinity flooding (LSF) in carbonates. Energy & Fuels, 29(3): 1352-1367, doi: 10.1021/ef5023847. ##
[14]. Hussain, F., Zeinijahromi, A., Bedrikovetsky, P., Badalyan, A., Carageorgos, T., & Cinar, Y. J. J. O. P. S. (2013). An experimental study of improved oil recovery through fines-assisted waterflooding. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 109, 187-197, doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2013.08.031. ##
[15]. Zeinijahromi, A., Farajzadeh, R., Bruining, J. H., & Bedrikovetsky, P. (2016). Effect of fines migration on oil–water relative permeability during two-phase flow in porous media. Fuel, 176, 222-236, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.02.066. ##
[16]. Hamouda, A. A., & Valderhaug, O. M. (2014). Investigating enhanced oil recovery from sandstone by low-salinity water and fluid/rock interaction. Energy & Fuels, 28(2): 898-908, doi: 10.1021/ef4020857. ##
[17]. Pu, H., Xie, X., Yin, P., & Morrow, N. R. (2010). Low salinity waterflooding and mineral dissolution. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition? (pp. SPE-134042). doi.org/10.2118/134042-MS. ##
[18]. McGuire, P. L., Chatham, J. R., Paskvan, F. K., Sommer, D. M., & Carini, F. H. (2005, March). Low salinity oil recovery: An exciting new EOR opportunity for Alaska’s North Slope. In SPE western regional meeting (SPE-93903). doi.org/10.2118/93903-MS. ##
[19]. Piñerez T, I. D., Austad, T., Strand, S., Puntervold, T., Wrobel, S., & Hamon, G. (2016, April). Linking low salinity EOR effects in sandstone to pH, mineral properties and water composition. In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference? (SPE-179625), doi: 10.2118/179625-ms. ##
[20]. Brady, P. V., Morrow, N. R., Fogden, A., Deniz, V., Loahardjo, N., & Winoto. (2015). Electrostatics and the low salinity effect in sandstone reservoirs. Energy & Fuels, 29(2), 666-677, doi: 10.1021/ef502474a. ##
[21]. Emadi, A., & Sohrabi, M. (2013, September). Visual investigation of oil recovery by low salinity water injection: formation of water micro-dispersions and wettability alteration. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition? (D021S030R004), doi: 10.2118/166435-ms. ##
[22]. Sohrabi, M., Mahzari, P., Farzaneh, S. A., Mills, J. R., Tsolis, P., & Ireland, S. (2017). Novel insights into mechanisms of oil recovery by use of low-salinity-water injection. Spe Journal, 22(02): 407-416, doi: 10.2118/172778-PA. ##
[23]. Al-Shalabi, E. W., Sepehrnoori, K., & Delshad, M. (2013, September). Does the double layer expansion mechanism contribute to the LSWI effect on hydrocarbon recovery from carbonate rocks?. In SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition? (SPE-165974), doi: 10.2118/165974-ms. ##
[24]. Nasralla, R. A., & Nasr-El-Din, H. A. (2014). Double-layer expansion: is it a primary mechanism of improved oil recovery by low-salinity waterflooding?. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 17(01), 49-59, doi.org/10.2118/154334-PA. ##
[25]. Yildiz, H. O., & Morrow, N. R. (1996). Effect of brine composition on recovery of Moutray crude oil by waterflooding. Journal of Petroleum science and Engineering, 14(3-4), 159-168, doi: 10.1016/0920-4105(95)00041-0. ##
[26]. Zhang, P., Tweheyo, M. T., & Austad, T. (2007). Wettability alteration and improved oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition of seawater into chalk: Impact of the potential determining ions Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 301(1-3): 199-208, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.12.058. ##
[27]. Standnes, D. C., Nogaret, L. A., Chen, H. L., & Austad, T. (2002). An evaluation of spontaneous imbibition of water into oil-wet carbonate reservoir cores using a nonionic and a cationic surfactant. Energy & Fuels, 16(6), 1557-1564, doi: 10.1021/ef0201127. ##
[28]. Strand, S., Austad, T., Puntervold, T., Høgnesen, E. J., Olsen, M., & Barstad, S. M. F. (2008). “Smart water” for oil recovery from fractured limestone: a preliminary study. Energy & Fuels, 22(5), 3126-3133, doi: 10.1021/ef800062n. ##
[29]. Kazankapov, N. (2014). Enhanced oil recovery in Caspian carbonates with Smart Water. In Society of Petroleum Engineers-SPE Russian Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Technical Conference and Exhibition 2014, RO and G 2014-Sustaining and Optimising Production: Challenging the Limits with Technology, (1097-1113). ##
[30]. Zhang, Y., Xie, X., & Morrow, N. R. (2007). Waterflood performance by injection of brine with different salinity for reservoir cores. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition? (SPE-109849). doi.org/10.2118/109849-MS. ##
[31]. Tang, G. Q., & Morrow, N. R. (1997). Salinity, temperature, oil composition, and oil recovery by waterflooding. SPE Reservoir Engineering, 12(04): 269-276, doi: 10.2118/36680-PA. ##
[32]. Zhang, P., & Austad, T. (2005, June). Waterflooding in chalk: Relationship between oil recovery, new wettability index, brine composition and cationic wettability modifier. In SPE Europec featured at EAGE Conference and Exhibition? (SPE-94209), doi: 10.2523/94209-ms. ##
[33]. Fathi, S. J., Austad, T., & Strand, S. (2011). Water-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by “smart water”: Optimal ionic composition for EOR in carbonates. Energy & fuels, 25(11): 5173-5179, doi: 10.1021/ef201019k. ##
[34]..Fathi, S. J., Austad, T., & Strand, S. (2010). “Smart water” as a wettability modifier in chalk: the effect of salinity and ionic composition. Energy & fuels, 24(4): 2514-2519, doi.org/10.1021/ef901304m. ##
[35]. Al-Harrasi, A. S., Al-Maamari, R. S., & Masalmeh, S. (2012). Laboratory investigation of low salinity waterflooding for carbonate reservoirs. In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference (pp. SPE-161468), doi: 10.2118/161468-ms. ##
[36]. Romanuka, J., Hofman, J. P., Ligthelm, D. J., Suijkerbuijk, B. M., Marcelis, A. H., Oedai, S., Brussee, N. J., van der Linde, A., Aksulu, H. and Austad, T. (2012). Low salinity EOR in carbonates. In SPE Improved OilRecovery Conference? (SPE-153869). doi: 10.2118/153869-ms. ##
[37]. Kazempour, M., Gregersen, C. S., & Alvarado, V. (2013). Mitigation of anhydrite dissolution in alkaline floods through injection of conditioned water. Fuel, 107, 330-342, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.003. ##
[38]. Blounot, C. W., & Dickson, F. W. (1969). The solubility of anhydrite (CaSO4) in NaCl-H2O from 100 to 450 C and 1 to 1000 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 33(2): 227-245, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(69)90140-9. ##
[39]. Li, J., & Duan, Z. (2011). A thermodynamic model for the prediction of phase equilibria and speciation in the H2O–CO2–NaCl–CaCO3–CaSO4 system from 0 to 250 C, 1 to 1000 bar with NaCl concentrations up to halite saturation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(15), 4351-4376, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.05.019. ##
[40]. Freyer, D., & Voigt, W. (2004). The measurement of sulfate mineral solubilities in the Na-K-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system at temperatures of 100, 150 and 200 C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(2), 307-318, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00215-1. ##
[41]. Shariatpanahi, S. F., Strand, S., & Austad, T. (2011). Initial wetting properties of carbonate oil reservoirs: effect of the temperature and presence of sulfate in formation water. Energy & fuels, 25(7), 3021-3028, doi.org/10.1021/ef200033h. ##
[42]. Austad, T., Shariatpanahi, S. F., Strand, S., Aksulu, H., & Puntervold, T. (2015). Low salinity EOR effects in limestone reservoir cores containing anhydrite: a discussion of the chemical mechanism. Energy & Fuels, 29(11), 6903-6911, doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01099. ##
[43]. Yousef, A. A., Al-Saleh, S., Al-Kaabi, A., & Al-Jawfi, M. (2011). Laboratory investigation of the impact of injection-water salinity and ionic content on oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 14(05), 578-593, doi.org/10.2118/137634-PA. ##
[44]. Al-Shalabi, E. W., & Sepehrnoori, K. (2016). A comprehensive review of low salinity/engineered water injections and their applications in sandstone and carbonate rocks. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 139, 137-161, doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2015.11.027. ##
[45]. Uetani, T., Kaido, H., & Yonebayashi, H. (2019, March). Investigation of anhydrite dissolution as a potential low salinity waterflooding mechanism using carbonate reservoir rocks. In International Petroleum Technology Conference (p. D021S029R005). IPTC, doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19133-MS. ##
[46]. Shariatpanahi, S. F., Hopkins, P., Aksulu, H., Strand, S., Puntervold, T., & Austad, T. (2016). Water based EOR by wettability alteration in dolomite. Energy & Fuels, 30(1), 180-187, doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02239. ##
پژوهش نفت
دوره 34، 1403-2 - شماره پیاپی 135
شماره ویژه ازدیاد برداشت نفت با استفاده از روش های پایه آبی
خرداد و تیر 1403
صفحه 36-55

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار