[1]. Lesko TM. “Chemical effects of acoustic cavitation,” California Institute of Technology, 2004.##
[2]. Kaushik P., Kumar A., Bhaskar T., Sharma Y. K., Tandon D., Goyal H. B., “Ultrasound cavitation technique for up-gradation of vacuum residue,” Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 93, No. 1, PP. 73-77, 2012.##
[3]. Sampath Kumar K., Moholkar V. S., “Conceptual design of a novel hydrodynamic cavitation reactor,” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 62, No. 10, PP. 2698-2711, 2007.##
[4]. Gogate P. R., Shirgaonkar I. Z., Sivakumar M., Senthilkumar P., Vichare N. P. and Pandit A. B., “Cavitation reactors: efficiency assessment using a model reaction,” AIChE Journal, Vol. 47, No. 11, pp. 2526-2538, 2001.##
[5]. Sayyaadi H. “Enhanced cavitation–oxidation process of non-VOC aqueous solution using hydrodynamic cavitation reactor,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 272, No. pp. 79-91, 2015.##
[6]. Max Fomitchev-Zamilov S.G. Investigation of Hydrodynamic Cavitation as a Means of Natural Crude Oil and Synthetic Biofuel Upgrading. Quantum Potential Corporation, 2012.##
[7]. Fesharaki M. J., Ghashghaee M. and Karimzadeh R. “Comparison of four nanoporous catalysts in thermocatalytic upgrading of vacuum residue,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 102, pp. 97-102, 2013.##
[8]. Nassar N. N., Hassan A. and Pereira-Almao P., “Metal oxide nanoparticles for asphaltene adsorption and oxidation,” Energy & Fuels, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 1017-1023, 2011.##
[9]. Hosseinpour N., Khodadadi A. A., Bahramian A. and Mortazavi Y. “Asphaltene adsorption onto acidic/basic metal oxide nanoparticles toward in situ upgrading of reservoir oils by nanotechnology,” Langmuir, Vol. 29, No. 46, pp. 14135-14146, 2013.##
[10]. Mosio-Mosiewski J. and Morawski I. “Study on single-stage hydrocracking of vacuum residue in the suspension of Ni–Mo catalyst,” Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 283, No. 1, pp. 147-155, 2005.##
[11]. Panariti N., Del Bianco A., Del Piero G. and Marchionna M. “Petroleum residue upgrading with dispersed catalysts: Part 1. Catalysts activity and selectivity,” Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 204, No. 2, pp. 203-213, 2000##
[12]. Hashemi R., Nassar N. N. and Almao P. P., “Nanoparticle technology for heavy oil in-situ upgrading and recovery enhancement: Opportunities and challenges,” Applied Energy, Vol. 133, No. pp. 374-387, 2014.##
[13]. Ovalles C., Rivero V. and Salazar A. “Downhole upgrading of orinoco basin extra-heavy crude oil using hydrogen donors under steam injection conditions, effect of the presence of iron nanocatalysts,” Catalysts, Vol. 5, No. 1, PP. 286-297, 2015.##
[14]. Chao K., Chen Y., Li J., Zhang X. and Dong B. “Upgrading and visbreaking of super‐heavy oil by catalytic aquathermolysis with aromatic sulfonic copper,” Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 104, pp. 174-180, 2012.##
[15]. Shokrlu Y. H. and Babadagli T. “Viscosity reduction of heavy oil/bitumen using micro-and nano-metal particles during aqueous and non-aqueous thermal applications,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 119, No. pp. 210-220, 2014.##
[16]. Olvera JNR, Gutiérrez G. J., Serrano J. R., Ovando A. M., Febles V. G. and Arceo L. D. B., “Use of unsupported, mechanically alloyed NiWMoC nanocatalyst to reduce the viscosity of aquathermolysis reaction of heavy oil,” Catalysis Communications, Vol. 43, pp. 131-135, 2014.##
[17]. Greff J. and Babadagli T. “Use of nano-metal particles as catalyst under electromagnetic heating for in-situ heavy oil recovery,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 112, pp. 258-265, 2013.##
[18]. Zhang Z. “Experimental study of in-situ upgrading for heavy oil using hydrogen donors and catalyst under steam injection condition,” Texas A&M University, 2011.##
[19]. Chuan W., Guang-Lun L., Yao C. J, Sun K. J., Gai P. Y. and Cao Y. B. “Mechanism for reducing the viscosity of extra-heavy oil by aquathermolysis with an amphiphilic catalyst,” Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 684-690, 2010.##
[20]. Hossain M., Kitaguchi T., Sato Y., Tago T. and Masuda T., editors. Heavy oil upgrading in supercritical water using iron based catalyst. 20th Annual Saudi-Japan Catalysts Symposium on “Catalysts in Petroleum Refining & Petrochemicals,” 2010.##
[21]. Hascakir B., Babadagli T. and Akin S., editors. “Experimental and numerical modeling of heavy-oil recovery by electrical heating,” International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008.##
[22]. Bjørnseth F. “Heavy oil production technology challenges and the effect of nano sized metals on the viscosity of heavy oil,” Literature review and an experimental study, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2013.##
[23]. Hmood G. R. “Upgrading of basrah-kirkuk blend crude oil using mechanical-acoustical effect,” University of Technology, 2011.##
[24]. Lin J. R. and Yen T. F. “An upgrading process through cavitation and surfactant,” Energy & Fuels, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 111-118, 1993.##
[25]. Ovalles C., Rengel-Unda P., Bruzual J. and Salazar A. “Upgrading of extra-heavy crude using hydrogen donor under steam injection conditions. Characterization by pyrolysis GC-MS of the asphaltenes and effects of a radical initiator,” Fuel Chemistry, Vol. 48, pp. 59-60, 2003.##
[26]. Askarian M., Vatani A. and Edalat M. “Heavy oil upgrading in a hydrodynamic cavitation system: CFD modelling, effect of the presence of hydrogen donor and metal nanoparticles,” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 95, Issue 4, pp. 670–679, April 2016.##
[27]. Fomitchev-Zamilov M., “Athabasca bitumen upgrading with hydrodynamic cavitation,” CIM 2014; Vancouver Canada, 2014.##
[28]. Chornet M. and Chornet E., inventors; US Patent 20,130,096,354, assignee, “Process for treating heavy oils”, 2013.##
[29]. Paul J. M. and Davis R. M., inventors; Google Patents, Assignee, “Method for hydrotreating and upgrading heavy crude oil during production,” 1998.##
[30]. Gordon R., Gorodnitsky I., Promtov M. and Varvara G., Inventors; WO Patent App. PCT/US2009/062,222, assignee, “Flow-through cavitation-assisted rapid modification of crude oil,” 2009.##
[31]. Kozyuk O., Reimers P. and Reinking P. A., Inventors; US Patent 20,130,062,249, assignee. Method for processing heavy hydrocarbon oil, 2013.##
[32]. Price R., Blazina D., Smith G. C. and Davies T. J. “Understanding the impact of cavitation on hydrocarbons in the middle distillate range,” Fuel, Vol. 156, pp. 30-39, 2015.##
[33]. Zhonglin Yang C. Z., Shanlong G. U., Han P., Lu X., “Upgrading vacuum residuum by combined sonication and treatment with a hydrogen donor,” Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 426-435, 2013.##
[34]. Boris Zhmud SC. Viscosity Blending Equations. Lube Magazine, pp. 24-29, 2014.##
[35]. Jechura J. Refinery Feedstocks & Products - Properties & Specifications, Colorado School of Mines; 2014.##
[36]. Stanislaus A., Marafi A. and Rana M. S., “Recent advances in the science and technology of ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) production,” Catalysis Today, Vol. 153, Issue 1-2, 1, pp. 1-68, July 2010.##
[37]. Suryawanshi N. B., Bhandari V. M., Sorokhaibam L. G. and Ranade V. V. “A non-catalytic deep desulphurization process using hydrodynamic cavitation,” Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, 2016.##
[38]. Fedushchak T., Akimov A. and Kuvshinov V., “Metal nanopowder demulsifiers,” Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 88, No. 5, pp. 827-830, 2014.##
[39]. Schramm L. L. Emulsions, foams, and suspensions: fundamentals and applications: John Wiley & Sons; 2006.##
[40]. Atta A. M., “Electric desalting and dewatering of crude oil emulsion based on schiff base polymers as demulsifier,” Int. J. Electrochem Sci., Vol. 8, pp. 9474-9498, 2013.##
[41]. Dalmazzone C., Noik C. and Komunjer L. “Mechanism of crude-oil/water interface destabilization by silicone demulsifiers,” SPE Journal, Vol. 10, No. 01, pp. 44-53, 2005.##
[42]. Fingas M. and Fieldhouse B. “Water-in-oil emulsions: formation and prediction,” Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 1, p. 225, January 2014.##
[43]. Pal R., Yan Y., Masliyah J. and Schramm L. “Emulsions: fundamentals and applications in the petroleum industry,” Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 231, pp. 295-312, 1992.##